Brain & eyeball SAQ

         CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND EYE BALL

Introduction to the nervous system, cranial cavity and orbit

·       Mention the parts of central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system(PNS), Composition of nervous tissue.

·       Neuron: Definition, draw and label parts & classification with example.

·       Neuroglia: definition, Name neuroglial cells of CNS and PNS.

·       draw and label, functions and development  of neuroglia. 

·        Composition of  i) Gray matter ii) White matter.

·       Define ganglia and nucleus. Give example.

·       Define Synapse. Name the different types of synapse(anatomical)

·       Define plexus. Mention their types with examples.

·       Write five defference between sympathetic and para sympathetic nervous system

  Peripheral nerve and cranial nerve:

·        Mention structural organization of  a peripheral nerve.(what is nerve fibre, nerve bundle, what is endoneurium, perineurium & epineurium)

·        What is myelination? Name the cells responsible for myelination of nerve fibres  in the CNS & PNS

·        Mention the number and distribution of spinal nerves. Mention its functional type and its branches.

·        Mention the name and the number of cranial nerves. Which cranial nerves are motor, sensory and mixed

·        Give the formation and distribution of accessory nerve.

·        Write functional components, nuclei and distribution of

·        Facial nerve

·         Glossopharyngeal nerve

·        Vagus nerve

·        / Explain upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron lesion of facial nerve/ What is Bellspalsy?/ what is corticonuclear pathway?

Define Tract. Mention types of tract. 

a.     Descending tract:

·        corticospinal tract

b.     Ascending tract ******

·        Lateral spinothalamic tract: pain and temperature pathway

·        Tract of gracilis and nuceatus: fine touch, vibration and two point discrimination pathway

·        Anterior spinothalamic tract: crude touch and pressure

·        Draw and label visual pathway. What are the neurons involved in this pathway?

·        Auditory pathway

Spinal cord

a.     Draw and label a transverse section of spinal cord at the level of mid thoracic(5^th thoracic vertebra region) (must draw lateral horn of gray matter) ****

b.     Draw and label T.S of spinal cord at mid cervical region showing important tracts **

c.      What are different spinal enlargement? Mention their locations and functional significance.

Cerebrum

        a.     Draw and label the important sulci, gyri and functional areas of supero lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere. ****

b.     Mention the nuclei & functional areas in the frontal lobe of cerebrum.Mention their functions & effect of lesions.

c.      Draw and label the arterial supply of cerebrum

d.     Blood brain barrier

e.     Draw and label the  Circles of Willis. ****

f.       Internal capsule:  Draw and label. parts, Name the ascending and descending tract passing through them and blood supply.***

g.     How many types of fibres are present within the white matter of cerebrum. Give example of each type.

h.     What do you mean by i) Artery of cerebral hemorrhage** ii) macular sparing **

Cerebellum.

Draw and label Anatomical and functional subdivision of cerebellum,

a.     Write Parts and nuclei of cerebellum with  histology

b.     Write  blood supply and function of cerebellum.

Midbrain:

a.     What are the different parts of mid brain? What is red nucleus?

b.     Draw and label transverse section of mid brain at the label of superior colliculus****

c.     Draw and label transverse section of mid brain at the label of inferior colliculus **

d.     Name of nuclei present in midbrain

     Pons:

a.     Draw and label transverse section of pons at the level of facial colliculus (lower part  of pons ) ******

b.     Draw and label transverse section of pons at upper part  of pons ) **

c.     Name of nuclei present in pons

    Medulla oblongata

a.     Draw and label Transverse section of medulla oblongata at lower part at the level of pyramidal decussion****

b.     Draw and label Transverse section of medulla oblongata at middle  part at the level of sensory decussion***

c.     Draw and label Transverse section of medulla oblongata at upper  part at the level of olive  **

d.     Name of nuclei present in medulla oblongata

Eyeball:

a.     Classify muscles of eyeball with their nerve supply and actions.

b.     What are the refractive media of the eye all?

c.      Draw and label structure of Cornea. Name the layers of cornea.  How cornea gets nutrition?

d.     Draw and label different layers of retina. Give blood supply and development of retina.

e.     Why visual cortex known as striated cortex? **

f.       How optic cup is developed? Write the fate of optic cup. ***

CSF:

a.     Mention, formation, circulation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid.**

b.     Trace the path way of circulation of CSF from its site of formation up to its drainage into the venous blood.***

c.      Write short note on: 1) CSF 2.)  hydrocephalus. 3) anencephaly ** 4) spina bifida *** 5) Horner’s syndrome **

Meninges:

1. Define meninges. Name their different layers.what is the difference between cranial dura and spinal dura ***
2. Write a short note about cavernous sinus ***
3. Draw and label cranial venous sinuses and write a flow chart of it.
4. Blood and nerve supply of the meninges near the vault and cranial fossa